October 31, 2006

Happy (rotten) Halloween

As a follow-up to our last post, some of you may be asking yourselves: "Just how long does it take for a carved pumpkin to rot?". The answer is "17 seconds" according to this time-lapse video.

As it turns out, this is not the only "rotting pumpkin video" making its way across the internet airwaves. There's another one here. For those of you who prefer fruit, how about some bananas or watermelon? We sure hope these videographers have compost piles; it'd be a shame to waste that precious organic matter.

October 28, 2006

A Good Year for Beets and Self-Reliance

By ANNE RAVER, published 26 October 2006 in the New York Times

I’ve been thinking about borscht,” Mother said one day a few weeks ago, as we were walking down the lane and past the field where our beets were flourishing among the weeds.

It was an iffy summer for tomatoes and squash in our Maryland garden: up and down temperatures; near drought, then heavy rain; cold nights; early frost. My second crop of basil never made it to pesto. Our zinnias turned to mush overnight.

Rabbits ate most of my beloved pole beans. Deer ate the sweet corn. But nothing bothered those beets: Bull’s Blood, an heirloom with sweet, blood-red roots (and delicious leaves, when picked young); and Red Ace, a prolific old favorite with dark green leaves and crimson, round roots that remain tender, even the ones as big as tennis balls.

When we got back to the house, my mother, who at 93 has her own ups and downs, pulled out her favorite cookbooks to consider what approach to take with these hearty survivors.

Among them was “Joy of Cooking,” where she quoted from Irma S. Rombauer: “There are probably as many versions of borscht as there are Russians.”

The reference to Russians brought to mind Janna, our live-in aide, who is Russian. She arrived at about this time last year, to help my mother with whatever she needed, be it taking a walk down the lane, cooking a meal or cleaning the house. Having her around was a great relief to everyone but my mother, who couldn’t stand Janna hovering about, saying, “Kathleen, you must eat!” or “Kathleen, you must walk!” or “Kathleen, smoking is dangerous to your health!”

My mother, who enjoys an occasional cigarette with her evening Scotch, would look at Janna with a grim expression that might have come from grinding her teeth or from the effort it took for a woman of her Southern upbringing not to scream: “I’m 93 years old. I will do exactly as I please!”

But no. She would be genteel, even if it killed her.

Janna rose each morning to make coffee, before my mother could get to the kitchen, saying: “Kathleen, sit down!” I would draw her aside and say, “Mother really likes to make her own coffee.” Or, when I would come from the garden carrying beets that Mother wanted to pickle, Janna would grab them from my hands and say brightly, “I will make borscht!” When I protested that Mother would enjoy making beets herself — that this was a chance, in fact, for Janna to take a break — she would reply, “But she might fall!”

And I would say, “That’s the risk she wants to take, just to make pickled beets.”

Janna would look at me aghast, as if I had signed us all on with the Hemlock Society.

Our battle of wills was settled one morning by a deer tick, which had embedded itself in Janna’s midriff. No amount of assurances that she would not die of Lyme disease, that there were doctors to give her a blood test and antibiotics, could keep her from packing her bags for New York.

“It is so dangerous here,” she said. “So many ticks and snacks.” (By snacks, she meant snakes, which hang out in the cellar, eating mice and chipmunks.)

Mother waved goodbye from the kitchen porch as Janna got a ride to the bus station.

I had watched my mother grow curiously passive under Janna’s reign. She gave up trying to make her own coffee, and would just sit while Janna boiled the eggs. She ate far more than she wanted to, for lunch and dinner, because Janna made sandwiches and soup and hamburgers stuffed with little cheese balls, all for her.

“It would be rude to say no,” she said. She ate all her meals with Janna, because it would have been rude to eat alone, she said. She lost her joie de vivre. She spoke in a whisper when I came by to chat, and she didn’t have much to say. “Everything is fine,” she said with a thin smile.

When her aide left, she seemed to have a new lease on life. The first night, I found her in the kitchen, sipping Scotch and reading The New Yorker. Who cared about dinner?

I finally took her at her word. She meant it when she said her life wasn’t worth living if she couldn’t do things for herself.

She really would rather fall and break a hip, even bleed to death, all alone, than have someone hovering about every moment of her life.

So I have gone back to part-time nurses’ aides, in the morning and at night, if I am out of town. They help her take a walk outside, as she pushes her rollator — a walker on wheels, with handlebars and hand brakes — looking for the bluebirds in the locust trees, watching the finches pull seeds from the sunflowers, noticing a whole row of fat red beets begging to be pulled before they get too tough.

And the other day, when my mother asked me to buy some beef, a key ingredient for borscht, I knew that she had reclaimed her kitchen. I brought up some fresh beets and laid them by the sink, unwashed, so that she could deal with them. When I forgot to get that beef, it was no big matter; she asked one of her helpers to buy some.

When I was too busy to help her make it, she didn’t wait around or put the beef in the freezer. She just made it herself, using the walker she keeps in the kitchen to help her wash the beets; peel and chop them; slice an onion, carrot and turnip; add the tomato paste and what have you; and cook a fine beet soup.

It was a lot tastier, too, than her well-meaning former caregiver’s, because it had enough salt. (“You must not eat salt!” Janna had said, taking charge of my mother’s blood pressure.)

“How did you make this soup all by yourself?” I said, marveling over the subtle mix of flavors (and marveling, too, at how energetic she seemed, despite her exhaustion).

“Oh, I would just sit down when I got tired,” Mother said. “I can’t stay on my feet that long, but I still love to cook.”

Now, with the last harvest, we are trying different ways of cooking beets, including roasting them, simply brushed with olive oil.

“Hmm,” she said. “Very tasty. Sweet, but earthy.”

The flavor was far more intense, not having been diluted by water. I remembered the beet salad that I love to eat in New York: roasted diced beets, with arugula, goat cheese and walnuts. “Hmm, sounds good,” Mother said.

Then she showed me how to pickle beets the Eastern Shore way. Just trim the leaves off the washed beets, but leave an inch or so of the stems. Cutting into the root leads the beet to bleed into the water, leaching out vitamins and flavor.

“Beets, you know, are full of iron,” said Mother, who was trained as a nutritionist.

Cook until just tender enough to stick easily with a sharp fork. Then drain, peel and slice as soon as they are cool enough to handle. Mix half a cup of sugar with half a cup of vinegar in a big bowl, stir in the warm beets, and salt to taste.

“Isn’t that a lot of sugar?” I said.

“Yes, but that’s why people like them,” she said. “They’re sweet.”

Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

All Hail the Great Pumpkin

By Barbara Damrosch, published Thursday, October 26, 2006 in The Washington Post

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A big red pumpkin sits on my kitchen counter, the color of the sun when it is just about to set. It lights up the whole room. About 15 inches across, with a flattened shape, its name is Rouge Vif d'Etampes, a French heirloom introduced by Burpee in 1883. I will be enjoying it long after Halloween, but right now it is part of the celebration.

What we now call Halloween was once a great pagan holiday, a Celtic harvest festival called Samhain. Although later transformed by the church and renamed All Hallows Eve, it never really lost its foothold in the pre-Christian spirit world. Falling midway between the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice, Samhain was one of two times during the year (Beltane on May 1 being the other) when the border between the corporeal and spiritual realms became permeable. The souls of the dead were welcomed, and bonfires were lighted to ward off the Sidhe -- the mischievous denizens of Faerie.

Halloween still has a bit of magic. It's a time when children are given license to be strange and scary, to wander around at night and eat normally forbidden sweets. But it has become a thoroughly American rite, with customs widely copied in Europe and beyond. Trick-or-treating, dressing up and carving pumpkins are essentially New World touches -- that and our knack for turning anything into an industry. How much self-expression is there in donning a SpongeBob SquarePants suit? Is there anything scary about masks with the faces of leading politicians? Well, okay, maybe.

To read the full article at washingtonpost.com, go here

Some pumpkin recipes worth exploring:
SILKY-COCONUT PUMPKIN SOUP (KEG BOUAD MAK FAK KHAM)
PUMPKIN CANNELLONI WITH CLAMS AND SAGE BROWN BUTTER
PUMPKIN COOKED IN RAW SUGAR


October 25, 2006

Out of Our Gourds

By JAMES E. McWILLIAMS, published 24 October 2006 in the New York Times

This time of the year, the windows of America are beginning to be dotted with carefully carved jack-o’-lanterns, but in a week or so, the streets will be splotched with pumpkin guts. Orange gourds will fly from car windows, fall from apartment balconies, career like cannon fire from the arms of pranksters craving the odd satisfaction of that dull thud.

There are, to be sure, more productive ways to deploy a Halloween pumpkin. Post-holiday, composting is a noble option. A pumpkin grower in Wisconsin once turned a 500-pound Atlantic Giant into a boat.

But what we almost certainly won’t do is eat it. First cultivated more than 10,000 years ago in Mexico, cucurbitaceae were mainstays of the Native American diet. If for no other reason than its status as one of America’s oldest cultivated crops, an honest pumpkin deserves our reverence.

The current batches that will soon litter the pavement, however, are for the most part irreverent fabrications, cheap replicas inflated for the carving knife. Food in name only, they’re a culinary trick without the treat. For those of us who value America’s culinary past, smashing a generic pumpkin is more of a moral obligation than an act of vandalism.

During the colonial era, the pumpkin was just one squash among dozens, a vine-ripening vegetable unmarked by a distinctive color, size or shape. Native Americans grew it to be boiled, roasted and baked. They routinely prepared pumpkin pancakes, pumpkin porridge, pumpkin stew and even pumpkin jerky.

Europeans readily incorporated the pumpkin into their own diet. Peter Kalm, a Swede visiting colonial America, wrote approvingly about “pumpkins of several kinds, oblong, round, flat or compressed, crook-necked, small, etc.” He noted in his journal — on, coincidentally, Oct. 31, 1749 — how Europeans living in America cut them through the middle, take out the seeds, put the halves together again, and roast them in an oven, adding that “some butter is put in while they are warm.”

Sounds tasty. But one would be ill advised to follow Kalm’s recipe with the pumpkins now grown on commercial farms. The most popular pumpkins today are grown to be porch décor rather than pie filling. They dominate the industry because of their durability, uniform size (about 15 pounds), orange color, wart-less texture and oval shape. Chances are good that the specimen you’re displaying goes by the name of Trick or Treat, Magic Lantern, or Jumpin’ Jack. Chances are equally good that its flesh is bitter and stringy.

In contrast, pumpkins grown in the 19th and early 20th centuries — the hybridized descendants of those cultivated by Native Americans — were soft, rich and buttery. They came in numerous colors, shapes and sizes and were destined for the roasting pan.

The Tennessee Sweet Potato pumpkin looked more like a pear than a modern pumpkin and, as its name implies, was baked and eaten like the sweet potato. The Winter Luxury Pie pumpkin, first introduced in 1893, became so popular for pies that it posed a fresh challenge to the canned stuff. These pumpkin varieties, and scores of others, were once the most flavorful vegetables in the American diet.

Fortunately, the edible pumpkin is not completely lost. While akin to endangered species, heirloom seeds are only a few mouse clicks and a credit card number away. By growing heirloom pumpkins, you can have your jack-o’-lantern and eat it too. More immediately, you can search out heirloom pumpkins at some farmers’ markets.

Of course, advocating a shift in any holiday tradition seems like a futile exercise in a nation that (perhaps because we’re so young) takes its traditions rather seriously. But it’s not as if there’s much of a Halloween tradition to violate. Halloween is relatively new to America. The Irish brought the holiday to the United States in the 1840’s (and used turnips as jack-o-lanterns). But Halloween didn’t become profitable enough for commercial growers to produce decorative pumpkins until the suburbanized 1950’s.

Edible pumpkins were driven near extinction in the early 1970’s when a farmer named Jack Howden started to mass produce a firm, deep orange, rotund pumpkin endowed with thick vines to create a fat handle to hold while carving. The $5 billion a year industry that developed around Howden’s inedible creation is, historically speaking, still in its infancy.

And thus the “tradition” is ripe for improvement. Next year, let’s do something not so different. Let’s replace a fake pumpkin with a real one. The face you carve into it might be more distorted, and it might cost a bit more, but there will finally be a credible reason not to smash the thing at the end of the evening. And most important, as Peter Kalm observed back in 1749, we could once again split it open, roast it, add butter and remind ourselves that some traditions — like cultivating vegetables to eat — should never be destroyed.

James E. McWilliams, a history professor at Texas State University at San Marcos, is the author of “A Revolution in Eating: How the Quest for Food Shaped America.”

Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

October 24, 2006

Salad days

In this video, KGI's Roger Doiron offers some tips on the preparation of crisp and satisfying garden salad.

Chart: Home-grown foods in the US

We've written thousands of words on the decrease in home food production and now here's a single picture to sum up the trend. The data comes from the US Department of Agriculture. It would be interesting to justapose this chart with other ones such as the increase in obesity and the increase in the distance food travels from field to fork. Our goal at KGI is first to stop the home food production freefall (production declined by 20% from 2004 to 2005) and over time to get the chart headed upwards. Lots of good work ahead!

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Study: Vegetables may keep brains young

By LINDSEY TANNER, Associated Press

New research on vegetables and aging gives mothers another reason to say "I told you so." It found that eating vegetables appears to help keep the brain young and may slow the mental decline sometimes associated with growing old.

On measures of mental sharpness, older people who ate more than two servings of vegetables daily appeared about five years younger at the end of the six-year study than those who ate few or no vegetables.

The research in almost 2,000 Chicago-area men and women doesn't prove that vegetables reduce mental decline, but it adds to mounting evidence pointing in that direction. The findings also echo previous research in women only.

Green leafy vegetables including spinach, kale and collards appeared to be the most beneficial. The researchers said that may be because they contain healthy amounts of vitamin E, an antioxidant that is believed to help fight chemicals produced by the body that can damage cells.

Vegetables generally contain more vitamin E than fruits, which were not linked with slowed mental decline in the study. Vegetables also are often eaten with healthy fats such as salad oils, which help the body absorb vitamin E and other antioxidants, said lead author Martha Clare Morris, a researcher at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging at Chicago's Rush University Medical Center.

The fats from healthy oils can help keep cholesterol low and arteries clear, which both contribute to brain health.

The study was published in this week's issue of the journal Neurology and funded with grants from the National Institute on Aging.

"This is a sound paper and contributes to our understanding of cognitive decline," said Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard's School of Public Health.

"The findings specific for vegetables and not fruit add further credibility that this is not simply a marker of a more healthful lifestyle," said Stampfer, who was not involved in the research.

The research involved 1,946 people aged 65 and older who filled out questionnaires about their eating habits. A vegetable serving equaled about a half-cup chopped or one cup if the vegetable was a raw leafy green like spinach.

They also had mental function tests three times over about six years; about 60 percent of the study volunteers were black.

The tests included measures of short-term and delayed memory, which asked these older people to recall elements of a story that had just been read to them. The participants also were given a flashcard-like exercise using symbols and numbers.

Overall, people did gradually worse on these tests over time, but those who ate more than two vegetable servings a day had about 40 percent less mental decline than those who ate few or no vegetables. Their test results resembled what would be expected in people about five years younger, Morris said,

The study also found that people who ate lots of vegetables were more physically active, adding to evidence that "what's good for your heart is good for your brain," said neuroscientist Maria Carillo, director of medical and scientific relations for the Alzheimer's Association.

The study examined mental decline but did not look at whether any of the study volunteers developed Alzheimer's disease.

October 20, 2006

October 2006 Newsletter

To read the full newsletter, please go here: http://www.kitchengardeners.org/newsletteroctober06.htm

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Dear Kitchen Gardener,

Downtown and small town.  Urban and rural.  Dense and sparse.  Balconies and farms.  Kitchen gardeners can be found living and growing food in every place imaginable, as well a few unimaginable ones.  Usually, this newsletter (and KGI in general) is all about celebrating what we have in common, those things that cut across country and cultural divides, namely a love of freshly-harvested, hand-made foods. 

In this issue, however, we recognize that our strength is also found in our diversity.  We all lead different lives and accord a different amount of space and time for kitchen gardening. 

I would like to introduce you to two experienced kitchen gardeners who are in very different places both geographically and in terms of their plans for the future.  In her essay, Aditi Gowri of Ottawa, Canada (pictured above in her urban plot) tells us that she wants to scale down her gardening activity and spend more time connecting with people.  On the other side of the spectrum, there is Kentucky homesteader Jennifer Love who already has 4500 square feet under cultivation and wants more (some of you will remember Jennifer as our sign contest winner). 

So who is right?  Both of course.  Kitchen gardening is a lifestyle, not a dogma.  It is up to each us to decide what place we give it in our lives and how we fit in it among other interests and priorities. 

I am giving more talks these days to food and garden groups and doing an occasional radio interview.  One question that often comes up is: "In an age when many people don't even find the time to cook ingredients that someone else produced, how can you expect people to grow some of their own?".  I usually answer that I don't expect people to do anything, but, for people who love yummy fresh food, value their health and that of their family, and who care about the planet, the decision to become an active participant in the food system is a natural one.  Once that decision is made, it becomes a priority around which other things can be worked and arranged. 

Depending on my mood and the crowd, I have a second answer I give which either wins me some points with my audience or confirms to them that I am a complete nutter, as the English say.  I suggest that people go on a "TV-free diet" for a few weeks to see what time that frees up in their day and what activities it allows them to do which they couldn't before. 

15 months ago, that TV-free diet was imposed on my family when we moved houses and, after a couple of months of doing without, my wife and I realized that it was entirely possible to survive without "Survivor" and that life is the best reality show there is because we get to influence the outcome. 

As you might imagine, our TV-free diet has been less palatable to our 14 year old.  At that age, the last thing you want to be is different from your TV watching peers.  I can try my "celebrating our diversity" message out on him too, but suspect it's probably not his idea of a party!

So, I'll close by wishing a happy garlic planting season to my fellow northerners.  I hope to get some "Russian Red" and "German Extra-Hardy" cloves in the ground this weekend...if I can find the time.

Roger

It's Broccoli, but Even Better

By Barbara Damrosch, published Thursday, October 19, 2006 in The Washington Post

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Something funny was going on in the broccoli patch. From 10 feet away it was business as usual: row upon row of beautiful, vase-shaped plants, their wide, blue-green leaves reveling in the cool, sunny fall weather. But on closer inspection, three rows were different. Instead of forming tight, firm mounds of tiny green buds -- the classic head of broccoli -- those plants were making more-open heads composed of little round, leafy balls. Both the central heads and the many side shoots showed the same pattern.

"What's happening to the broccoli?" I asked my husband, who had planted it. He explained that he was trying a new variety called Piracicaba, from Fedco Seeds. The catalogue (next available in December for 2007) had made it sound irresistible, so good you could eat it raw. This proved to be true. All the parts I sampled raw were sweet, mild and tender. I took a bowlful back to the house and steamed it for lunch. Equally delicious! It needed just a few minutes of cooking, and since so much of it was leaf, bud and narrow stem, there was less risk of overcooking the tips before the stalks softened. And the buds didn't disintegrate in the pan.

To read the full article at washingtonpost.com, go here

Some broccoli recipes worth exploring:
BROCCOLI, RED PEPPER, AND CHEDDAR CHOWDER
BROCCOLI SPEARS WITH GARLIC SAUCE
PAPPARDELLE WITH PANCETTA, BROCCOLI RABE, AND PINE NUTS

October 18, 2006

Home canning 101

preserving food at home

The University of Georgia (UGA) offers a free, self-paced, online course for those wanting to learn more about home canning and preservation. The course includes the following modules:
-Introduction to Food Preservation
-General Canning
-Canning Acid Foods
-Canning Low-Acid Foods

To sign up for a free login, please register here.

October 17, 2006

Canning tomatoes step-by-step

Tomatoes and other high-acid foods may be processed using a water-bath canner as opposed to a pressure canner. The following are basic guidelines coming from the Ball Blue Book of Preservation.

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1. Visually examine canning jars for nicks, cracks, uneven rims or sharp edges that may prevent sealing or cause breakage. Examine canning lids to ensure they are free of dents and sealing compound is even and complete. Check bands for proper fit.


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2. Wash jars and two-piece caps in hot, soapy water. Rinse well. Dry bands; set aside. Heat jars and lids in a saucepot of simmering water (180°F or 82°C). DO NOT BOIL LIDS. Allow jars and lids to remain in hot water until ready for use, removing one at a time as needed.


3. Fill boiling-water canner half-full with hot water. Elevate rack in canner. Put canner lid in place. Heat water just to a simmer (180°F or 82°C). Keep water hot until used for processing.


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4. Select fresh tomatoes at their peak of quality and flavor. Use firm tomatoes free of cracks, spots and growths. Prepare only enough for one canner load. Wash tomatoes; drain.


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5. Place tomatoes in wire basket and lower into a large saucepot of boiling water. Blanch tomatoes 30 to 60 seconds or until skins start to crack. Remove from boiling water. Dip immediately into cold water.


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6. Slip off skins; trim away any green areas; cut out core. Leave tomatoes whole or cut into halves or quarters.


7. For tomatoes packed in water, place tomatoes in a large saucepot, adding just enough water to cover. Boil gently 5 minutes.


8. Remove canning jar from hot water with a jar lifter; set jar on towel. Add 1 tablespoon bottled lemon juice to each pint jar, 2 tablespoons bottled lemon juice to each quart jar.


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9. Carefully pack tomatoes into hot jar, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Ladle boiling water or cooking liquid over tomatoes, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Add 1/2 teaspoon salt per pint jar or 1 teaspoon salt per quart jar, if desired.


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10. Slide a nonmetallic spatula between tomatoes and jar; press back gently on tomatoes to release trapped' air bubbles. Repeat procedure 2 to 3 times around inside of jar.


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11. Wipe rim and threads of jar with a dean, damp cloth. Remove lid from hot water using a lid wand. Place lid on jar, centering sealing compound on rim. Screw band down evenly and firmly, just until resistance is met-fingertip tight.


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12. As each jar is filled, set it onto the elevated rack in the boiling-water canner. Water in canner should be kept at a simmer (180°F or 82°C). After all jars are filled and placed onto the rack, lower rack into canner. Water must cover the two-piece caps on the jars by 1 to 2 inches. Add boiling water, if necessary.


13. Put lid on canner. Bring water to a boil. Start counting processing time after water comes to a rolling boil. Process pints 40 minutes, quarts 45 minutes, at a gentle but steady boil for altitudes at or below 1,000 feet above sea level. For higher altitude areas, consult your local extension office.


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14. When processing time is complete, turn off heat and remove canner lid. Let canner cool minutes before removing jars. Remove jars from canner and set them upright, 1 to 2 inches apart, on a dry towel to cool. Do not retighten bands. Let jars cool 12 to 24 hours.


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15. After jars have cooled, check lids for a seal by pressing on the center of each lid. If the center is pulled down and does not flex, remove the band and gently try to lift the lid off with your fingertips. If the lid does not flex and you cannot lift it off the lid has a good vacuum seal. Wipe lid and jar surface with a clean, damp cloth to remove food particles or residue. Label. Store jars in a cool, dry, dark place.

October 16, 2006

The Vegetable-Industrial Complex

by MICHAEL POLLAN, published October 15, 2006 in the New York Times Magazine

Soon after the news broke last month that nearly 200 Americans in 26 states had been sickened by eating packaged spinach contaminated with E. coli, I received a rather coldblooded e-mail message from a friend in the food business. “I have instructed my broker to purchase a million shares of RadSafe,” he wrote, explaining that RadSafe is a leading manufacturer of food-irradiation technology. It turned out my friend was joking, but even so, his reasoning was impeccable. If bagged salad greens are vulnerable to bacterial contamination on such a scale, industry and government would very soon come looking for a technological fix; any day now, calls to irradiate the entire food supply will be on a great many official lips. That’s exactly what happened a few years ago when we learned that E. coli from cattle feces was winding up in American hamburgers. Rather than clean up the kill floor and the feedlot diet, some meat processors simply started nuking the meat — sterilizing the manure, in other words, rather than removing it from our food. Why? Because it’s easier to find a technological fix than to address the root cause of such a problem. This has always been the genius of industrial capitalism — to take its failings and turn them into exciting new business opportunities.

We can also expect to hear calls for more regulation and inspection of the produce industry. Already, watchdogs like the Center for Science in the Public Interest have proposed that the government impose the sort of regulatory regime it imposes on the meat industry — something along the lines of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (Haccp, pronounced HASS-ip) developed in response to the E. coli contamination of beef. At the moment, vegetable growers and packers are virtually unregulated. “Farmers can do pretty much as they please,” Carol Tucker Foreman, director of the Food Policy Institute at the Consumer Federation of America, said recently, “as long as they don’t make anyone sick.”

This sounds like an alarming lapse in governmental oversight until you realize there has never before been much reason to worry about food safety on farms. But these days, the way we farm and the way we process our food, both of which have been industrialized and centralized over the last few decades, are endangering our health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that our food supply now sickens 76 million Americans every year, putting more than 300,000 of them in the hospital, and killing 5,000. The lethal strain of E. coli known as 0157:H7, responsible for this latest outbreak of food poisoning, was unknown before 1982; it is believed to have evolved in the gut of feedlot cattle. These are animals that stand around in their manure all day long, eating a diet of grain that happens to turn a cow’s rumen into an ideal habitat for E. coli 0157:H7. (The bug can’t survive long in cattle living on grass.) Industrial animal agriculture produces more than a billion tons of manure every year, manure that, besides being full of nasty microbes like E. coli 0157:H7 (not to mention high concentrations of the pharmaceuticals animals must receive so they can tolerate the feedlot lifestyle), often ends up in places it shouldn’t be, rather than in pastures, where it would not only be harmless but also actually do some good. To think of animal manure as pollution rather than fertility is a relatively new (and industrial) idea.

Wendell Berry once wrote that when we took animals off farms and put them onto feedlots, we had, in effect, taken an old solution — the one where crops feed animals and animals’ waste feeds crops — and neatly divided it into two new problems: a fertility problem on the farm, and a pollution problem on the feedlot. Rather than return to that elegant solution, however, industrial agriculture came up with a technological fix for the first problem — chemical fertilizers on the farm. As yet, there is no good fix for the second problem, unless you count irradiation and Haccp plans and overcooking your burgers and, now, staying away from spinach. All of these solutions treat E. coli 0157:H7 as an unavoidable fact of life rather than what it is: a fact of industrial agriculture.

But if industrial farming gave us this bug, it is industrial eating that has spread it far and wide. We don’t yet know exactly what happened in the case of the spinach washed and packed by Natural Selection Foods, whether it was contaminated in the field or in the processing plant or if perhaps the sealed bags made a trivial contamination worse. But we do know that a great deal of spinach from a great many fields gets mixed together in the water at that plant, giving microbes from a single field an opportunity to contaminate a vast amount of food. The plant in question washes 26 million servings of salad every week. In effect, we’re washing the whole nation’s salad in one big sink.

It’s conceivable the same problem could occur in your own kitchen sink or on a single farm. Food poisoning has always been with us, but not until we started processing all our food in such a small number of “kitchens” did the potential for nationwide outbreaks exist.

Surely this points to one of the great advantages of a decentralized food system: when things go wrong, as they sooner or later will, fewer people are affected and, just as important, the problem can be more easily traced to its source and contained. A long and complicated food chain, in which food from all over the countryside is gathered together in one place to be processed and then distributed all over the country to be eaten, can be impressively efficient, but by its very nature it is a food chain devilishly hard to follow and to fix.

Fortunately, this is not the only food chain we have. The week of the E. coli outbreak, washed spinach was on sale at my local farmers’ market, and at the Blue Heron Farms stand, where I usually buy my greens, the spinach appeared to be moving briskly. I tasted a leaf and wondered why I didn’t think twice about it. I guess it’s because I’ve just always trusted these guys; I buy from them every week. The spinach was probably cut and washed that morning or the night before — it hasn’t been sitting around in a bag on a truck for a week. And if there ever is any sort of problem, I know exactly who is responsible. Whatever the risk, and I’m sure there is some, it seems manageable.

These days, when people make the case for buying local food, they often talk about things like keeping farmers in our communities and eating fresh food in season, at the peak of its flavor. We like what’s going on at the farmers’ market — how country meets city, how children learn that a carrot is not a glossy orange bullet that comes in a bag but is actually a root; how we get to taste unfamiliar flavors and even, in some sense, reconnect through these foods and their growers to the natural world. Stack all this up against the convenience and price of supermarket food, though, and it can sound a little. . .sentimental.

But there’s nothing sentimental about local food — indeed, the reasons to support local food economies could not be any more hardheaded or pragmatic. Our highly centralized food economy is a dangerously precarious system, vulnerable to accidental — and deliberate — contamination. This is something the government understands better than most of us eaters. When Tommy Thompson retired from the Department of Health and Human Services in 2004, he said something chilling at his farewell news conference: “For the life of me, I cannot understand why the terrorists have not attacked our food supply, because it is so easy to do.” The reason it is so easy to do was laid out in a 2003 G.A.O. report to Congress on bioterrorism. “The high concentration of our livestock industry and the centralized nature of our food-processing industry” make them “vulnerable to terrorist attack.” Today 80 percent of America’s beef is slaughtered by four companies, 75 percent of the precut salads are processed by two and 30 percent of the milk by just one company. Keeping local food economies healthy — and at the moment they are thriving — is a matter not of sentiment but of critical importance to the national security and the public health, as well as to reducing our dependence on foreign sources of energy.

Yet perhaps the gravest threat now to local food economies — to the farmer selling me my spinach, to the rancher who sells me my grass-fed beef — is, of all things, the government’s own well-intentioned efforts to clean up the industrial food supply. Already, hundreds of regional meat-processing plants — the ones that local meat producers depend on — are closing because they can’t afford to comply with the regulatory requirements the U.S.D.A. rightly imposes on giant slaughterhouses that process 400 head of cattle an hour. The industry insists that all regulations be “scale neutral,” so if the U.S.D.A. demands that huge plants have, say, a bathroom, a shower and an office for the exclusive use of its inspectors, then a small processing plant that slaughters local farmers’ livestock will have to install these facilities, too. This is one of the principal reasons that meat at the farmers’ market is more expensive than meat at the supermarket: farmers are seldom allowed to process their own meat, and small processing plants have become very expensive to operate, when the U.S.D.A. is willing to let them operate at all. From the U.S.D.A.’s perspective, it is much more efficient to put their inspectors in a plant where they can inspect 400 cows an hour rather than in a local plant where they can inspect maybe one.

So what happens to the spinach grower at my farmers’ market when the F.D.A. starts demanding a Haccp plan — daily testing of the irrigation water, say, or some newfangled veggie-irradiation technology? When we start requiring that all farms be federally inspected? Heavy burdens of regulation always fall heaviest on the smallest operations and invariably wind up benefiting the biggest players in an industry, the ones who can spread the costs over a larger output of goods. A result is that regulating food safety tends to accelerate the sort of industrialization that made food safety a problem in the first place. We end up putting our faith in RadSafe rather than in Blue Heron Farms — in technologies rather than relationships.

It’s easy to imagine the F.D.A. announcing a new rule banning animals from farms that produce plant crops. In light of the threat from E. coli, such a rule would make a certain kind of sense. But it is an industrial, not an ecological, sense. For the practice of keeping animals on farms used to be, as Wendell Berry pointed out, a solution; only when cows moved onto feedlots did it become a problem. Local farmers and local food economies represent much the same sort of pre-problem solution — elegant, low-tech and redundant. But the logic of industry, apparently ineluctable, has other ideas, ideas that not only leave our centralized food system undisturbed but also imperil its most promising, and safer, alternatives.

Michael Pollan, a contributing writer for the magazine, is the author most recently of “The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals.”

October 15, 2006

Open thread: What will you do differently next year?

First of all, you might be asking "What is an open thread?". Open thread posts are ones where we ask a question, and you, esteemed kitchen gardeners of the world, answer. They offer you a chance to speak up and read what others have to say on a gardening, cooking, or food topic.

This month's open thread is for Northern Hemisphere gardeners who are getting to the end of their gardening year or our Southern friends who are gearing up for this year's growing season. The question is simple: given your most recent gardening experience, what will you do differently next (this) time around and why?

October 13, 2006

Spicy cauliflower and cheese soup

This recipe serves as a good basis for experimentation. You may substitute parmesan cheese for cheddar and red chili for jalapeno pepper.

Ingredients
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
2 tablespoons minced garlic, 2 to 3 cloves
2 cups diced onions
1 jalapeno pepper, seeded and minced (for more heat retain the seeds)
2 teaspoons salt
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
10 cups cauliflower, cut into small florets (1-2 heads)
1/3 cup flour
4 cups low-salt chicken stock
2 cups milk
2 cups grated cheddar cheese, lightly packed

Procedure
1. Heat a medium-sized stockpot over medium-high heat and add the oil, garlic, onions, jalapeno, salt and pepper and saute until the onions are translucent.
2. Add the cauliflower and saute for another 5 minutes or until tender.
3. Add the flour and stir until completely incorporated and then add the stock, stirring vigorously until the flour is dissolved.
4. Add the milk and bring to a gentle simmer and cook for 20 minutes.
5. Remove from heat, add the cheddar cheese and stir until fully melted. Simmer another 5-10 minutes to allow flavors to set.
6. Puree the soup until it is smooth, adding salt and pepper to taste.

Serves six to eight.

October 12, 2006

In Pursuit of the Elusive Pawpaw

By Barbara Damrosch, published Thursday, October 12, 2006 in The Washington Post

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The old children's song makes it sound easy. "Where, oh where, is sweet little Susie? Way down yonder in the pawpaw patch. . . . Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in her pocket. "

But where, oh where, are the pawpaws now? So scarce is this delectable fruit that most of us have never tasted one, let alone found a patch where they litter the ground, even though they're native to most of the eastern United States.

I first held a pawpaw in my hand in September, the month they ripen. It was green, smooth and fragrant, rather like a small mango. But when I sliced it in half, there was no large pit, just pale, golden flesh and two rows of dark seeds like large, flat kidney beans. Scooping out a spoonful, I encountered a pulp as smooth, sweet and delicious as the creamiest custard, the richest ice cream. Where had it been all my life?

To read the full article at washingtonpost.com, go here

For a nice collection of pawpaw recipes, go here

October 5, 2006

Fun with Ronald

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Marketing high-fat, high-sugar, low-nutrition foods to kids under the trademark "Happy Meals" was an act of both sales and social bravado. When McDonald's started including a free plastic Hummer in those same meals (42 million toy hummers in all), however, it was a step too far, several in fact.

Now, a new parody website invites you to have fun at Ronald's expense. Imagine that you had the possibility to post a message up on the marquee of your local McDonald's. The website Ronald McHummer does just that and it's amazing what people come up with when given full artistic license. We couldn't resist creating a message (see above) of our own.

A grassroots activism manual (without the grass)

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A quick glance at the cover of H.C. Flores' new book "Food Not Lawns" is all that is needed to ascertain that this is not your grandmother's gardening book.

The cover image features a fist-pumping gardener on a bicycle loaded with all the ingredients of a successful urban farm on her bike rack. While the book may not help Grammy and Gramps with their rose bushes, with any luck, this inspiring and informative new title will become a manual for our children and grandchildren.

The book's subtitle, "How to Turn Your Yard into a Garden and Your Neighborhood into a Community", gives a good overview of the book's content. There is a bumper-crop of "how to" information about organic gardening and permaculture. What sets this book aside from the rest of gardening pack is its underlying message about gardens as a vehicle for social change.

Flores is a passionate and effective communicator who'll have you pumping your own fist (and old bicycle tires) in solidarity before you're even done with the first chapter.

October 1, 2006

Crockpot Taco Filling

This dish comes courtesy of Jennifer Love of Kentucky who makes enough of it to fill her three boys' tummies and her freezer as well We've scaled the proportions back for those of you interested in trying it out first.

Ingredients:
3 lbs of ground or finely cut meat. We use combinations of beef, lamb, turkey, chicken and/or venison.
3-4 medium onions, chopped
2 bell peppers, chopped
1 small habeñero pepper or other hot peppers, I use seeds and all
2 tablespoons of ground cumin
1-2 cloves garlic
2/3 cup well cooked beans, mashed, when I have them
salt and pepper to taste

Procedure:
Put meat in crock pot on high 8-10 hours before you want it done. I add a bit of water only if I am using all very lean meats. After 6 hours, ladle off any extra grease if desired. At this time, or by two hours before done, add all other ingredients and stir to break up meat. Seasonings can easily be adjusted to personal taste. I continue to stir a few times over next couple hours till done to break up meat further. I even use a hand mixer to make it quite fine right before serving. If it’s too loose it can be thickened with corn starch or flour or rolled oats and cooked just a bit longer till thickened, though I rarely do this.

We serve this with soft or hard corn shells, or flour tortillas, or corn chips or even on lettuce as a taco salad. We serve with grated cheddar cheese, salsa, sour cream, shredded lettuce, chopped sweet and hot peppers, chopped chives, diced onions and diced fresh tomatoes for toppings.